1 Madhava Reddy Kurapati., 2 Sailaja.V., 3 S.Gopikannan.,
1,3 Sri lakshmi Institute of Medical Sciences College of Physiotherapy, Old Town,
Kavali, SPSR Nellore District, A.P, India.
2 Department of Zoology, Vikrama Simhapuri University College, Kavali, SPSR Nellore
District, A.P, India.
ABSTRACT
Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates. Forty-four different animal biles are obtained from both intervertebrates and vertebrates (including human bile) have been used for curing different diseases related to Liver, Biliary, Skin (including burns), Gynaecological diseases, Heart diseases, Disease of the Ear, Nose, Mouth and Throat. This paper mainly focussed on the medicinal importance of different animal biles.
Key words: Animal Bile, Health, Medicinal Applications
Corresponding Author: Sailaja.V, Vikrama Simhapuri University College, Kavali, SPSR Nellore Dist. A.P, India, PIN-524201
Introduction:
Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates. This is useful in the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. Bile is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder. After the entry of food this stored bile enters into duodenum. Gall bladder bile contains 97% of water, 0.7% bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% of fats (Cholesterol, fatty caids and lecithin)1 and 200 m eq/l inorganic salts (2). Bile increases the absorption of fats especially fat-soluble substances such as Vitamin A, D, E and K (3). Bile also serves as route of excretion for bilirubin, a by product of red blood cells recycled by the liver.
Bile salts act as bactericides destroying many of the microbes that may be present in the food.
Forty-four different animal biles are obtained from both intervertebrates and vertebrates (including human bile) have been used for curing different diseases related to Liver, Biliary, Skin (including burns), Gynaecological diseases, Heart diseases, Disease of the Ear, Nose, Mouth and Throat. (4)
Bile plays a vital role in improving liver function, dissolving gall stones, inhibiting bacterial and viral multiplication, promoting cardiac chronotropism as well as exhibiting anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anti-oxidant, sedative, anti-convulsive, anti-allergic, anti-congestive, anti-diabetic and anti-spasmodic effects (5).
Bile acids are involved in the regulation of energy and glucose and lipid metabolism via farnesoid x receptor (FXR) and TGR5 (G protein coupled receptor (TGR5) mediator signalling pathways (6,7).
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Bile pigments are detected in all the major groups of animals except protozoa, Porifera, Platyhelminthes, Echinodermata, Tunicata and Chelicerata (8). Bilirubin seems to occur only in vertebrates although it has been identified tentatively in the gut wall of the parasitic worm Ascaris lumbricoides (9). Biliverdin occurs in all vertebrates and in many vertebrates and it may also occur in some microorganisms (10).
Bile Powder
Bile powder is used as nutraceutical for the treatment of ingestion, for constipation and for bile tract disorders. It is also used to increase the secreting activity of the liver and in aquaculture as a prawn food ingredient. Mixed bile acids are also used in poultry and pig foods. Natural taurine is used in infant milk formula to make it more like human milk, in health tonics (smart drinks) and for the prevention of side effects from excess alcohol consumption.
(Taurine(C2H7No3S) is present in most animal tissues and is particularly abundant in oysters, muscles, bovine bile and human breast milk. It is one of the bile classified as non – essential; which means it can be made by Human body. Research also suggest that it might also protect cell membranes from toxic substances. In fish, it is thought to be an osmo regulator of the cell volume.
Bile of suitable consistence is used for making pills. For example, Gorochanam, Gorochanam is light and can be easily broken between the fingers. It is laxative, anti-spasmodic, Cholagogue, Cooling and aromatic. It is specially indicated in measles and small pox to reduce excessive heat in the body, also in whooping cough and watery stools and choleraic symptoms.
It is used in convulsions, hysteria, spasmodic diseases, melancholia and intestinal disorders with deficient secretion of bile in jaundice etc and in abortion. It is given to infants for stopping green stools and (in small doses) as laxative. The usual adult dose is from 5 to 10 grains. It enters in to the composition of some medicines used for skin disorders.
Gall Stones
Gall stones are reported to have aphrodisiac properties and can be sold at a high price. They are usually used as ornaments to make necklaces and pendants (Gall stones are hard, pebble like deposits that from inside the gall bladder)
As Pharmaceutical use of bile acids or their salts and conjugates are formulated for non-steroidal and anti-inflammatory drugs, such as indomethacin and other pharmaceutically active compounds (antigen – Vaccine preparation, cell culture, core bioreagents etc.,).
(Indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-Inflammatory drug that reduces fever, pain and inflammation. It is similar to ibuprofen and naproxen).
Bile is manufactured from raw Ox bile and contains a mixture of conjugated bile acids, predominantly sodium glycocholate hydrate (C26H42NO6Na.nH2o) and sodium tauro cholate hydrate (C26H44N Na o7 Sn H2O) along with a small amount of free bile acids (cholic acid) and lipids. The bile acids are used as an ingredient in manufacturing of dehydrated culture media such as Mc Conkey, VRBL, Electro Phoresies Chromatography and other. A major use
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is in clinical microbiology selectively grow faecal staphylococci and streptococci (Mac Conkey Agar)
Conclusion
Animal biles are very important fluid produced by the liver of the vertebrates that is very much widely used in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and in clinical microbiology fields. Animal biles are involved in regulation of energy in glucose and lipid metabolism. Bile possess bacteriosidal and immune modulation properties which is used to boost immunity and to treat atherosclerosis etc.